Canadá y l@s niñ@s: Desaparición forzada. Genocidio. Crimen contra la humanidad

En otoño de 2021 comenzaron a ver la luz los primeros enterramientos masivos  de niñ@s indígenas desaparecid@s. Justin Trudeau declaró entonces «debemos aprender del pasado”, pero pronto se vio que tenía poco interés en conocerlo o en aprender de él.  Acaba de conocerse el informe solicitado en 2022 por el gobierno y, como se esperaba, es terrible. .

 

Desde la década de 1870 y durante más de 150 años, más de 150.000 niños de las Primeras Naciones, métis e inuits fueron separados de sus familias y obligados a asistir a internados financiados por el Gobierno y gestionados por diversas confesiones religiosas en donde eran obligados a trabajar en condiciones inhumanas y en los que se trataba -mediante penitencias y golpizas- que no quedara en ellos el menor vestigio de su cultura, de su identidad, y de sus afectos.

El Centro Nacional para la Verdad y la Reconciliación ha documentado hasta ahora más de 4.100 muertes de niños en esas escuelas.

Diálogos se ocupó intensamente de este rincón sórdido e invisibilizado de la historia canadiense en notas que se pueden encontrar en nuestro archivo. En ellas realizamos un recorrido detallado del sistema de Indian Residential Schools desde el momento en que el pedagogo racista Egerton Ryerson concibió una enseñanza encaminada a «matar al indio que hay dentro de el indio» hasta la década de los ’60 del Siglo XX, cuando un grupo de médicos utilizó a los niños indígenas tuberculosos como «conejillos de indias» para investigar nuevos suplementos alimenticios.

En los últimos días se dio a conocer en Gatinau el Informe Final de la Relatora Especial Independiente Kimberly Murray, que analizó el caso durante dos años. El informe deja en claro la responsabilidad del Estado, y en él se realizan 42 recomendaciones tendientes al reconocimiento y la reparación de lo que se califica como «crímenes contra la humanidad» y «genocidio».

Final Report: Canada and churches have moral obligations for the reparations of missing and disappeared Indigenous children.

Frank Deer, University of Manitoba

Independent Special Interlocutor Kimberly Murray has released her final report after two years of examining the issue of missing and disappeared Indigenous children and unmarked burials sites at residential schools in Canada.

During the ceremony last week in Gatineau, Que., Murray said governments do not often implement recommendations given on such reports. So she opted to identify 42 “legal, moral and ethical obligations” for governments, churches and other institutions. These are proposals on how to make holistic reparations to Indigenous Peoples.

Murray emphasized that the children were “victims of enforced disappearance.”

Since the 1870s and continuing for more than 150 years, over 150,000 First Nations, Métis and Inuit children were taken from their families and forced to attend church-run, government-funded residential schools. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation has documented more than 4,100 deaths of children at the schools.

After potential unmarked graves were identified at former residential school sites, the Canadian government appointed Murray to make recommendations on unmarked graves and burial sites.

The report, “Sites of Truth, Sites of Conscience” focuses on aspects of the Indian Residential School experience: unaccounted missing children, unmarked grave sites, the roles of government and churches in the Indian Residential School genocide and failure to maintain records of the deaths and burials of deceased children.

The report centres Indigenous strategies for research and advances a framework of reparations to “support the search for and recovery of the missing and disappeared children and unmarked burials.” It is an extension of the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) whose final report devoted an entire volume toward missing children and unmarked burials. The newest report is even more bold than the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

The TRC report observed that “the most basic of questions about missing children — Who died? Why did they die? Where are they buried? — have never been addressed or comprehensively documented by the Canadian Government.”

Since the TRC report was released in 2015, efforts to investigate this issue of missing children and unmarked graves has increased significantly.

CBC News report: Special interlocutor on Unmarked Graves and Burial Sites issues final report.

Reconciliation and reparations

Murray explores the issue of genocide in the Indian Residential School system in ways that indict the Canadian government and other institutions of crimes.

The report says Canada must refer to “the enforced disappearance of children,” as a “crime against humanity” and the issue needs to be taken to the International Criminal Court. It further states that the “federal government and other institutions have worked harder to protect perpetrators than they ever did to protect Indigenous children, families, and communities,” and that Canada has embraced a culture of “settler amnesia and willful forgetting.”

In support of this indictment, Murray shows how the government and church were not only responsible for acts of omission — in that they somehow failed to protect Indigenous children in their care. Instead, they were acts of commission: deliberately created situations in which Indigenous children in their care were severely harmed.

Murray refers to this as forced disappearances — when the liberty of Indigenous children is taken away and their fate was concealed.

In addition, the Independent Special Interlocutor also focuses on, among other things, our moral and ethical obligations as foundational frames for reparations.

A moral framework

Murray put forth 42 obligations that reflect the morally and ethically centred responsibilities of governments, churches and other institutions.

These moral and ethical responsibilities inform the reparations that Murray articulates in her report.

These responsibilities and obligations include:

  • Calls for long-term financial support of investigations into missing and disappeared Indigenous children and Indian Residential School burial sites
  • Support for survivors
  • The recording of their stories

Core values

Underlining the report is a moral principal that efforts to find missing children and unmarked graves must be Indigenous-led.

These moral principles, this foundation for action, articulated by Murray, can provide a compelling rationale that may help change attitudes and action.

The recent report puts forth several moral and ethical principles which we need to consider.

One of the report’s powerful statements is:

“Children must be cared for in life and after death.”

This might seem to some a simple point that is obvious and even unnecessary. However, the distance between such important declarations and the policies of Canadian governments and institutions has been vast.

That this particular principle refers to the importance of care “after death” ought to be familiar to any of us who’ve lost loved ones. However, stating it clearly here strengthens the point that government and other institutions have obligations to children who died in their care.

Another important principle from the report is that “search and recovery work is sacred.”

The need to discover who died, the reasons why they died, and the location of their remains is one so connected to the emotional well-being of living descendants and fellow community members that it is a spiritual journey.

This is why the search and recovery processes must be Indigenous-led.

This report, like the TRC’s and the final report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, contains demands for action that should be accepted and acted upon by governments and institutions.

The moral and ethical principles that inform those demands can be as important for informing change. It is in these principles that we may find moral guidance and direction toward righteousness.

We may also find, if we’re paying attention, our humanity.The Conversation

Frank Deer, Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Manitoba

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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